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This article reviews the historical development and up-to-date state of thermometric technologies for measuring human body temperature (BT) from two aspects: measurement methodology and signifi cance interpretation. Since the fi rst systematic and comprehensive study on BT and its relation to human diseases was conducted by Wunderlich in the late 19th century, BT has served as one of the most fundamental vital signs for clinical diagnosis and daily healthcare. The physiological implication of BT set point and thermoregulatory mechanisms are briefl y outlined. Infl uential determinants of BT measurement are investigated thoroughly. Three types of BT measurement, i.e., core body temperature, surface body temperature and basal body temperature, are categorized according to its measurement position and activity level. With the comparison of temperature measurement in industrial fi elds, specialties in technological and biological aspects in BT measurement are mentioned. Methodologies used in BT measurement are grouped into instrumental methods and mathematical methods. Instrumental methods utilize results of BT measurements directly from temperature-sensitive transducers and electronic instrumentations by the combination of actual and predictive measurement, invasive and noninvasive measurement. Mathematical methods use several numerical models, such as multiple regression model, autoregressive model, thermoregulatory mechanism-based model and the Kalman fi lter-based method to estimate BT indirectly from some relevant vital signs and environmental factors. Thermometry modalities are summarized on the dichotomies into invasive and noninvasive, contact and noncontact, direct and indirect, free and restrained, 1-D and n-D. Comprehensive interpretation of BT has an equal importance as the measurement of BT. Two modes to apply BT are classifi ed into real-time applications and long-term applications. With rapid advancement in IoT infrastructure, big data analytics and AI platforms, prospects for future development in thermometry and interpretation of BT are discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Basal Bodies , Body Temperature , Delivery of Health Care , Diagnosis , Human Body , Methods , Thermometers , Thermometry , Transducers , Vital SignsABSTRACT
The author would like to add "©Togawa T." in the Figure 1 caption for the online published article.
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Objective To investigate the effects of Helicobacter pylori (HP) radical treatment on diagnosis of early gastric cancer using conventional white light endoscopy ( WLE ) , chromoendoscopy of indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid, and magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (ME-NBI). Methods Between January 2013 and March 2018, patients without HP (successful cured before six months) or with HP ( no radical treatment for HP in recent 6 months ) , who underwent endoscopy examinations in the Department of Gastroenterology of Ezhou Hospital, People's Hospital of Wuhan University or the Department of Gastroenterology of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology were enrolled in the study. Endoscopy examinations were performed according to the order of conventional WLE, chromoendoscopy using indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid, and ME-NBI. Among the patients finally diagnosed as early gastric cancer by histopathology, 120 patients without HP and 120 patients with HP were continuously collected, and included in the radical treatment group and the non-radical treatment group, respectively. Diagnostic reliabilities of WLE, chromoendoscopy, and ME-NBI for early gastric cancer between the two groups were statistically analyzed. Results There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of hospital source (χ2 =2. 637, P=0. 104) , gender composition (χ2=0. 074, P=0. 785) , mean age ( t=0. 582, P=0. 561) , and lesion morphology (χ2 = 0. 179, P= 0. 914 ) . The detection rates of early gastric cancer in the radical treatment group using WLE [ 75. 0％( 80/120 ) VS 81. 7％( 98/120 ) ,χ2 = 7. 046, P = 0. 008 ] , chromoendoscopy [ 57. 5％( 69/120 ) VS 93. 3％( 112/120 ) ,χ2 =41. 554, P<0. 001 ] , and ME-NBI [ 90. 0％( 108/120) VS 98. 3％( 118/120) ,χ2=7. 585, P=0. 006] were significantly lower than those in the non-radical treatment group. In the radical treatment group, chromoendoscopy had the lowest detection rate of early gastric cancer, followed by WLE (χ2=2. 142, P=0. 143) and ME-NBI (χ2=32. 736, P<0. 001) , while ME-NBI had the highest detection rate of early gastric cancer, which higher than that of WLE (χ2= 19.247, P<0.001). Conclusion The diagnosis of early gastric cancer by WLE, chromoendoscopy using the indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid and ME-NBI becomes more difficult after radical treatment of HP. Among the above three endoscopic methods, ME-NBI has the highest diagnostic efficacy, and becomes the first choice for the clinical diagnosis of early gastric cancer after radical treatment of HP.
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Objective@#To investigate the effects of Helicobacter pylori (HP) radical treatment on diagnosis of early gastric cancer using conventional white light endoscopy (WLE), chromoendoscopy of indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid, and magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (ME-NBI).@*Methods@#Between January 2013 and March 2018, patients without HP (successful cured before six months) or with HP (no radical treatment for HP in recent 6 months), who underwent endoscopy examinations in the Department of Gastroenterology of Ezhou Hospital, People′s Hospital of Wuhan University or the Department of Gastroenterology of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology were enrolled in the study. Endoscopy examinations were performed according to the order of conventional WLE, chromoendoscopy using indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid, and ME-NBI. Among the patients finally diagnosed as early gastric cancer by histopathology, 120 patients without HP and 120 patients with HP were continuously collected, and included in the radical treatment group and the non-radical treatment group, respectively. Diagnostic reliabilities of WLE, chromoendoscopy, and ME-NBI for early gastric cancer between the two groups were statistically analyzed.@*Results@#There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of hospital source (χ2=2.637, P=0.104), gender composition (χ2=0.074, P=0.785), mean age (t=0.582, P=0.561), and lesion morphology (χ2=0.179, P=0.914). The detection rates of early gastric cancer in the radical treatment group using WLE [75.0% (80/120) VS 81.7% (98/120), χ2=7.046, P=0.008], chromoendoscopy [57.5% (69/120) VS 93.3% (112/120), χ2=41.554, P<0.001], and ME-NBI [90.0% (108/120) VS 98.3% (118/120), χ2=7.585, P=0.006] were significantly lower than those in the non-radical treatment group. In the radical treatment group, chromoendoscopy had the lowest detection rate of early gastric cancer, followed by WLE (χ2=2.142, P=0.143) and ME-NBI (χ2=32.736, P<0.001), while ME-NBI had the highest detection rate of early gastric cancer, which higher than that of WLE (χ2= 19.247, P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#The diagnosis of early gastric cancer by WLE, chromoendoscopy using the indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid and ME-NBI becomes more difficult after radical treatment of HP. Among the above three endoscopic methods, ME-NBI has the highest diagnostic efficacy, and becomes the first choice for the clinical diagnosis of early gastric cancer after radical treatment of HP.
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Objective:To evaluate the interventional effects of Yufeining on lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods:38 patients with COPD were divided into therapeutic group (20 cases) and control group (18 cases) randomly. Therapeutic group was treated with oral Yufeining pill half a year and then was followed up 6 months without drug. Control group was not given any medicine during the observed one year. Routine lung function was measured at before 、6 months and 12 months after treatment. Total symptom score (TSS) of traditional Chinese medicine、the scores of quality of life (QOL) were recorded simultaneously. Blood gas analysis was measured only at before and 6 months after. Results:FEV 1 was 1 032?0 336L after 6 months treatment in therapeutic group, while FEV 1 was 0.982?0.353L before treatment (P